Symptoms vary based on arrhythmia type and severity:

• Palpitations: Fluttering or pounding in the chest.
• Dizziness or Fainting (Syncope): Due to inadequate blood flow to the brain.
• Shortness of Breath: Especially during exertion.
• Chest Pain or Discomfort: May mimic heart attack symptoms.
• Fatigue: Unexplained tiredness from inefficient circulation.

Note: Some arrhythmias, like atrial fibrillation, may be asymptomatic initially (Mayo Clinic).

1. Cardiac Conditions:
   • Coronary artery disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy, or heart valve disorders (Lippincott Review of Pathology).
2. Electrolyte Imbalances:
   • Low potassium, magnesium, or calcium levels disrupt electrical signaling.
3. Lifestyle Factors:
   • Excessive alcohol, caffeine, smoking, or stimulant use (BNF).
4. Medical Triggers:
   • Hypertension, thyroid disorders, diabetes, or sleep apnea (Lange Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology).
5. Genetic Factors:

Inherited conditions like Long QT syndrome or Brugada syndrome

1. Manage Underlying Conditions:
   • Control blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes (WHO).
2. Lifestyle Modifications:
   • Limit alcohol/caffeine, avoid smoking, and manage stress through mindfulness or yoga.
3. Medication Review:
   • Some decongestants or antidepressants may exacerbate arrhythmias (BNF).
4. Regular Screenings:
   • ECG or Holter monitoring for high-risk individuals (Mayo Clinic).

1. Medications (BNF Guidelines):

• Beta-Blockers (e.g., Metoprolol): Slow heart rate in tachycardia.
• Calcium Channel Blockers (e.g., Diltiazem): Manage atrial fibrillation.
• Antiarrhythmics (e.g., Amiodarone): Restore normal rhythm.
• Anticoagulants (e.g., Apixaban): Prevent strokes in atrial fibrillation.

2. Non-Pharmacological Interventions:

• Cardioversion: Electric shocks to reset heart rhythm.
• Catheter Ablation: Destroys abnormal tissue causing arrhythmias.
• Pacemakers/ICDs: Implanted devices regulate heartbeats.

3. Lifestyle Adjustments:

• Maintain electrolyte balance through a diet rich in potassium/magnesium (e.g., bananas, spinach).

4. Emerging Therapies:

• Wearable Tech: Smartwatches with ECG capabilities for early detection (Lippincott Textbook of Pharmacology).

• Stroke: Atrial fibrillation increases clot risk.
• Heart Failure: Chronic irregular rhythms weaken the heart.
• Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Ventricular arrhythmias can be fatal (WHO).

• Self-Monitoring: Track symptoms and triggers (e.g., caffeine intake).
• Emergency Plan: Recognize warning signs (e.g., fainting) and seek immediate care.

Support Networks: Join cardiac rehab programs for structured guidance (Mayo Clinic).

Arrhythmia management hinges on early detection, tailored treatment, and lifestyle adjustments. Advances in medications and technology, like wearable monitors, empower patients to take charge of their heart health.

Key Takeaways:

• Report persistent palpitations or dizziness to a healthcare provider.
• Adopt heart-healthy habits and adhere to prescribed therapies.

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