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Enalapril

Enalapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor widely prescribed for hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy. Renowned for its efficacy in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, enalapril is a cornerstone in managing high blood pressure and related conditions. This article synthesizes evidence from the British National Formulary (BNF)Lippincott Textbook of Pharmacology, and Lange Basic & Clinical Pharmacology to outline its pharmacology, clinical applications, and safety profile.

Enalapril inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), preventing the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This results in:

  • Vasodilation: Reduced angiotensin II decreases systemic vascular resistance.
  • Aldosterone Suppression: Lowers sodium/water retention and potassium excretion, aiding blood pressure control.
  • Bradykinin Accumulation: Increased bradykinin levels enhance vasodilation but may cause cough and angioedema (Lippincott Textbook of Pharmacology).

Enalapril’s effects are sustained due to its long half-life, allowing once- or twice-daily dosing (Lange Basic & Clinical Pharmacology).

  1. Hypertension:
    • First-line monotherapy or combined with diuretics/calcium channel blockers.
  2. Heart Failure:
    • Improves survival and symptoms in reduced ejection fraction (e.g., SOLVD trial).
  3. Diabetic Nephropathy:
    • Slows progression of kidney disease in type 1 diabetes (BNF).
  4. Post-Myocardial Infarction (MI):
    • Prevents ventricular remodeling and reduces mortality.
  • Hypertension:
    • Adults5 mg once daily, titrated to 10–20 mg daily (max 40 mg/day).
    • Elderly: Start at 2.5 mg daily to avoid hypotension.
  • Heart Failure2.5 mg once daily, increased to 10–20 mg twice daily.
  • Renal Impairment:
    • eGFR 30–60 mL/min: Max 10 mg daily.
    • eGFR <30 mL/min: Max 5 mg daily (BNF).
  • Dry cough (up to 20% of patients), dizziness, headache.
  • Hyperkalemia, mild renal impairment.

Serious (Rare):

  • Angioedema: Facial/tongue swelling (immediate discontinuation required).
  • Acute Kidney Injury: Monitor creatinine in renal impairment.
  • Fetal Toxicity: Category D (contraindicated in second/third trimesters) (Lange Basic & Clinical Pharmacology).
  • Contraindications:
    • History of angioedema, bilateral renal artery stenosis, pregnancy.
    • Concomitant use with aliskiren in diabetic patients.
  • Monitoring:
    • Serum potassium, renal function, and blood pressure.
    • Avoid in hypovolemia (risk of first-dose hypotension).
  • Pregnancy/Lactation:
    • Lactation: Excreted in breast milk; avoid (BNF).
  • Potassium-Sparing Diuretics (e.g., spironolactone): Increased hyperkalemia risk.
  • NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen): Reduced antihypertensive efficacy; nephrotoxicity risk.
  • Lithium: Elevated lithium levels (monitor toxicity).
  • Aliskiren: Avoid combination in diabetes (increased renal impairment risk) (Lippincott Textbook of Pharmacology).
  • Generic: Enalapril maleate.
  • Brand Names: Vasotec®, Innovace®, Renitec®.
  • Combination Products: Enalapril/hydrochlorothiazide (e.g., Vaseretic®).

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