Escitalopram selectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) at the presynaptic neuronal membrane, increasing serotonin availability in the synaptic cleft. This enhances serotonergic neurotransmission, which is associated with improved mood and emotional regulation (Lippincott Textbook of Pharmacology). Escitalopram is the S-enantiomer of citalopram and is twice as potent, with fewer side effects due to its higher selectivity for serotonin transporters (Lange Basic & Clinical Pharmacology).

1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD):
   • First-line treatment for acute episodes and maintenance therapy to prevent relapse (BNF).
2. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD):
   • Approved for managing chronic anxiety symptoms.
3. Panic Disorder:
   • Effective in reducing the frequency and severity of panic attacks.
4. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD):
   • Improves symptoms of social phobia (Lange Basic & Clinical Pharmacology).

• Adults:
  • Initial Dose: 10 mg once daily, preferably in the morning or evening.
  • Maintenance Dose: 10–20 mg daily; maximum 20 mg/day due to QT prolongation risks.
• Elderly or Hepatically Impaired Patients:
  • Maximum Dose: 10 mg/day (BNF).
• Titration:
  • Adjust after 2–4 weeks based on response and tolerability.

Administration:

• Can be taken with or without food.
• Avoid abrupt discontinuation; taper gradually over weeks to prevent withdrawal symptoms (Lippincott).

• Common: Nausea, dry mouth, sweating, insomnia, and somnolence (BNF).
• Serious:
  • QT Prolongation: Dose-dependent risk of arrhythmias (e.g., torsades de pointes).
  • Serotonin Syndrome: Agitation, hyperthermia, and autonomic instability (rare but life-threatening).
  • Hyponatremia: Especially in elderly patients (Lange Basic & Clinical Pharmacology).

• Contraindications:
  • Concurrent use of MAO inhibitors (risk of serotonin syndrome).
  • Congenital long QT syndrome or significant cardiac disease (BNF).
• Monitoring:
  • ECG monitoring recommended in patients with cardiac risk factors or doses >10 mg/day.
  • Serum sodium levels in elderly patients (Lippincott).
• Pregnancy/Lactation:
  • Use with caution; potential neonatal withdrawal or persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) (BNF).

• MAO Inhibitors: Risk of serotonin syndrome; allow a 14-day washout period.
• QT-Prolonging Drugs (e.g., amiodarone, antipsychotics): Synergistic risk of arrhythmias.
• CYP2C19 Inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole): Increase escitalopram levels; consider dose reduction.
• NSAIDs/Anticoagulants: Elevated bleeding risk due to SSRI-induced platelet dysfunction (Lange Basic & Clinical Pharmacology).

Escitalopram is the generic name. It is marketed under the brand name Lexapro® in some regions. Generic formulations are widely available as:

• Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg.
• Oral Solution: 5 mg/5 mL (BNF).