Naproxen exerts its therapeutic effects through its action on the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Its key mechanisms include:

1. Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase (COX) Enzymes:
   • Naproxen inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, which are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
   • COX-1 is responsible for the production of prostaglandins that protect the gastric mucosa and regulate platelet function.
   • COX-2 is induced during inflammation and is responsible for the production of prostaglandins that mediate pain, inflammation, and fever.
2. Reduction of Prostaglandin Synthesis:
   • By inhibiting COX enzymes, naproxen reduces the production of prostaglandins, leading to decreased inflammation, pain, and fever.
3. Antipyretic Effects:
   • Naproxen reduces fever by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in the hypothalamus, which regulates body temperature.

Naproxen is approved for a variety of clinical conditions, including:

1. Pain Relief:
   • Management of mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, dental pain, musculoskeletal pain, and postoperative pain.
2. Inflammation:
   • Treatment of inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
3. Fever:
   • Reduction of fever in adults and children.
4. Menstrual Cramps:
   • Management of dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual cramps).
5. Off-Label Uses:
   • Management of acute gout.
   • Adjunctive therapy for migraine headaches.

The dosage of naproxen varies depending on the indication, patient age, and formulation. The following dosing guidelines are based on the British National Formulary (BNF) and clinical pharmacology references:

1. Adults:
   • Oral: 250–500 mg twice daily, not exceeding 1250 mg daily.
   • Delayed-Release: 375–500 mg twice daily, not exceeding 1500 mg daily.
   • Menstrual Cramps: 500 mg initially, followed by 250 mg every 6–8 hours as needed, not exceeding 1250 mg daily.
2. Children:
   • Oral: 5–10 mg/kg daily in divided doses, not exceeding 15 mg/kg daily.

Important Considerations:

• Naproxen is available in oral tablets, delayed-release tablets, and suspensions.
• Dose adjustments may be necessary for patients with hepatic or renal impairment.
• Naproxen should be taken with food or milk to minimize gastrointestinal side effects.

Naproxen is generally well-tolerated, but it is associated with a range of side effects, some of which can be serious. Common side effects include:

1. Gastrointestinal:
   • Nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, and abdominal pain.
   • Gastric ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding (rare but serious).
2. Cardiovascular:
   • Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, particularly with long-term use or high doses.
3. Renal:
   • Acute kidney injury and interstitial nephritis (rare).
4. Other:
   • Headache, dizziness, and rash.

Serious Side Effects:

• Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Particularly in elderly patients or those with a history of peptic ulcer disease.
• Hypersensitivity Reactions: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and anaphylaxis (rare).

Hepatotoxicity: Elevated liver enzymes and, rarely, severe liver damage

Naproxen requires careful monitoring and adherence to specific precautions to ensure patient safety:

1. Gastrointestinal Risk:
   • Use with caution in patients with a history of peptic ulcer disease or gastrointestinal bleeding. Consider concomitant use of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for gastroprotection.
2. Cardiovascular Risk:
   • Use with caution in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease. Regular monitoring of cardiovascular health is recommended.
3. Renal Impairment:
   • Use with caution in patients with impaired kidney function. Avoid use in severe renal impairment (CrCl <30 mL/min).
4. Pregnancy and Lactation:
   • Naproxen should be avoided during the third trimester of pregnancy due to the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus. It is excreted in breast milk, so breastfeeding is generally not recommended.
5. Elderly Patients:
   • Lower doses may be required due to increased sensitivity to side effects, particularly gastrointestinal and renal.

Naproxen has a significant potential for drug interactions due to its effects on prostaglandin synthesis and metabolism. Key interactions include:

1. Anticoagulants:
   • Naproxen may enhance the anticoagulant effects of warfarin, increasing the risk of bleeding.
2. Other NSAIDs:
   • Concurrent use with other NSAIDs increases the risk of gastrointestinal side effects.
3. Antihypertensives:
   • Naproxen may reduce the efficacy of antihypertensive medications, such as ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers.
4. Diuretics:
   • Naproxen may reduce the diuretic and antihypertensive effects of diuretics.
5. Lithium:
   • Naproxen may increase lithium levels, increasing the risk of toxicity.

Naproxen is the generic name for this medication. It is marketed under various brand names, depending on the country and manufacturer. Some examples include:

• Naprosyn (a well-known brand in the United States and other regions).
• Aleve (a well-known OTC brand in the United States and other regions).
• Naproxen Accord.
• Naproxen Mylan.