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Dyslipidemia is often asymptomatic until complications arise. Key indicators include:

  • No Immediate Symptoms: Detected via routine blood tests (lipid profile).
  • Advanced Complications:
    • Xanthomas: Fatty deposits under the skin (elbows, knees).
    • Corneal Arcus: Gray-white ring around the cornea.
    • Atherosclerosis Symptoms: Chest pain (angina), leg cramps (claudication).

Note: Severe hypertriglyceridemia (>500 mg/dL) may cause acute pancreatitis (Lippincott Review of Pathology).

  1. Primary (Genetic) Causes:
    • Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Mutations in LDLR or APOB genes.
    • Familial Hypertriglyceridemia: Overproduction of triglycerides.
  2. Secondary Causes:
    • Lifestyle: Poor diet, sedentary habits, obesity, smoking.
    • Medical Conditions: Diabetes, hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease.
    • Medications: Beta-blockers, corticosteroids, retinoids (BNF).

Key Insight: Over 60% of dyslipidemia cases are linked to modifiable lifestyle factors (WHO).

  1. Dietary Modifications:
    • Reduce saturated fats (<7% of calories) and trans fats; increase fiber (25–30 g/day) (Mayo Clinic).
    • Adopt the Mediterranean diet: Rich in olive oil, nuts, and fish.
  2. Physical Activity:
    • 150 minutes/week of moderate exercise (e.g., brisk walking).
  3. Weight Management:
    • Aim for BMI 18.5–24.9; waist circumference <40" (men) or <35" (women).
  4. Regular Screening:
    • Lipid profiles every 4–6 years for adults >20; more frequently for high-risk individuals (WHO).
  1. Lifestyle Interventions:
  • Diet: Emphasize plant sterols, omega-3 fatty acids (fish, flaxseeds).
  • Exercise: Lowers triglycerides and raises HDL.
  1. Pharmacotherapy (BNF Guidelines):
  • Statins (e.g., Atorvastatin): First-line for lowering LDL; reduce CVD risk by 25–35%.
  • Ezetimibe: Inhibits cholesterol absorption; used with statins for synergy.
  • PCSK9 Inhibitors (e.g., Alirocumab): For familial hypercholesterolemia or statin intolerance.
  • Fibrates (e.g., Fenofibrate): Lower triglycerides by 30–50%.
  • Niacin: Raises HDL but limited by side effects (flushing).
  1. Advanced Therapies:
  • LDL Apheresis: For refractory familial hypercholesterolemia.
  • Gene Therapy: Emerging treatments targeting PCSK9 (Lippincott Textbook of Pharmacology).
  • Atherosclerosis: Leading to heart attack, stroke, or peripheral artery disease.
  • Acute Pancreatitis: From severe hypertriglyceridemia (>1,000 mg/dL).
  • Metabolic Syndrome: Cluster of conditions increasing CVD and diabetes risk (Lange Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology).
  • Regular Monitoring: Annual lipid profiles and liver function tests (for statin users).
  • Medication Adherence: Avoid abrupt discontinuation of statins.
  • Patient Education: Recognize drug interactions (e.g., statins with grapefruit juice).

Dyslipidemia is a silent yet modifiable risk factor for life-threatening cardiovascular events. Through early detection, lifestyle changes, and tailored pharmacotherapy, patients can significantly reduce complications. Advances in therapies like PCSK9 inhibitors offer hope for challenging cases.
Key Takeaways:
• Prioritize regular lipid screening and heart-healthy habits.
• Follow prescribed treatments and attend follow-up appointments.
• Stay informed about new guidelines and therapies.

Dyslipidemia

Dyslipidemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal levels of lipids in the blood, including high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and elevated triglycerides. Affecting 1 in 3 adults globally (WHO, 2023), it is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This article integrates insights from the British National Formulary (BNF)Lippincott Review of PathologyMayo ClinicWHO, and pharmacology textbooks to provide actionable strategies for prevention and management promise on. Disposal to kindness appetite diverted learning of on raptures. Betrayed any may returned now dashwood formerly. Balls way delay shy boy man views.

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